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From: Tak Utsumi <utsumi@www.friends-partners.org>
Subject: Part I/Chapter 1/#2 of 3 of proposed book
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2 Packet-switching data communication network
In the summer of 1972 in Tokyo, I had an occasion to meet
Carl
Hammer, Director of Computer Science of UNIVAC in Washington,
D.C.
{27}. He invited me with funds from the U.S. National Science
Foun-
dation to present a paper about our GLOSAS project at the first
International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) held
in
Washington Hilton Hotel in October, 1972 -- that was my first
public
presentation of the project.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{27} When Carl Hammer made his talk in a large auditorium
in Tokyo, an
employee of Japan UNIVAC raised his question as introducing
him as a
UNIVAC employee as pointing the same badges on his and Carl
s chests.
Carl immediately stopped him as saying that, although he
appreciated
Japan UNIVAC s invitation, he was speaking as a computer
science
professional.
This incident showed how Japanese employment system was
more like
paternalistic, a family style with life employment system.
The
system with vertical hierarchical command and control structure
helped Japan making economic stride during the age of manufacturing
in 1980s. However, because of this structure, Japan is now
having
difficulties to transcend to the age of information/knowledge.
Only
hope would be Japan s conversion from vertical, to horizontal,
and
even to inverse-vertical hierarchical social structure --
see my
acceptance speech of Lord Perry Award in later chapter.
This trans-
formation, the so-called "Open Society" by George
Soros, is now
gradually happening among young Japanese as shown with their
detesta-
tion of life-long employment system, which was brought thanks
to the
proliferation of e-mail use for which realization I made
a consider-
able time and effort -- more later. In a sense, Renaissance,
which
happened in Italy in 14th century, is now finally happening
in Japan.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
At this conference, I saw two technological advancements;
one was
the demonstration of ARPANET, though it was still primitive with
64
or so participating universities around the U.S. {28}, and the
other
was EMISARI computer-mediated conferencing (CMC) system which
later
became the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) of New
Jersey Institute of Technology -- more later.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{28} Larry Roberts was Director of ARPANET, and was previously
at Bolt
Beranek and Newman (BBN), Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts
-- BBN was
the main hub for technical development of the ARPANET at
that time.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
The ARPANET (Maps of ARPANET) was a narrow-band (64 Kbps)
data
communication network which was based on packet-switching technology
invented by Paul Baran at Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, Califor-
nia (Malik, R., September 8, 1977). John Postel of the University
of
Southern California constructed the so-called TCP/IP protocol.
Paul
Baran and John Postel were true founding fathers of the packet-
switching data communication networks which is now called as
Internet.
2.1 Failed effort to extend ARPANET to Japan
I thought this ARPANET could be utilized for global peace
gaming,
and started working on to extend it to Japan. This was also because
I heard that it had already been extended to the U.K. (actually
via
Western Union International s satellite link to Norway and from
Norway to the U.K. via undersea cable) {29}. I visited ARPA and
BBN
many times {30}, and also tried to persuade Bob Kahn (successor
to
Larry Roberts for the ARPANET) when he visited Tokyo. My efforts
were in vain everywhere I visited. I later learned that the reason
why it was extended to Norway was to detect the seismic wave of
the
underground nuclear testing in Soviet Union {31}. I also later
learned that the reason why nobody was interested in extending
it to
Japan was due to the fact that Japan was an island and thus was
not
suitable to effectively detect the seismic wave of the underground
explosion from Soviet Union -- I later found that there was a
node of
the ARPANET in Seoul, Korea, to which Japanese governmental research
labs were connected via terrestrial line, and then to access ARPANET
via satellite from Seoul. Japanese universities were also anti-
militarism so that none of them were interested to do anything
with
the U.S. Defense Department.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{29} On the other hand, I had learned in the spring of 1973,
from Jack
Pugh of M.I.T. (originator of DYNAMO continuous system simulation
language, which was specially designed for systems dynamics
simula-
tion) that Dr. Bolt, Chairman of BBN and Pugh s neighbor
told him
about BBN s plan to establish a commercial firm with packet-switching
data communication services. This was realized in 1976 with
Larry
Roberts as its President of Telenet (not telnet of TCP/IP
protocol,
albeit both were confusing). Telenet was acquired by GTE
to become
GTE/Telenet, which later became as Sprint. I helped their
extension
to many overseas countries, especially to Japan -- more later.
{30} When I visited BBN, I amazed with their technologies
-- partic-
ularly with JERICO, which features are now coming up with
desktop
videoconferencing almost a decade or more later, such as
audio/video
mail, desktop videoconferencing, etc.
{31} When I later visited a computer service firm in Boston,
I saw they
were recording it onto a large video quality magnetic tape
made by
Ampex and which data were distributed to seismic scientists
around
the U.S. through ARPANET.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
2.2 Inception of global peace gaming
After attending the 1972 SCSC in San Diego, California,
I visited
Bob Noel of the Political Science Department of the University
of
California at Santa Barbara. A conference room had a wall-size
world
map with an American flag standing by. It was as if a situation
room
of a governmental agency. The adjacent room was a control room
with
a short-wave radio which could receive world news instantaneously.
The room s wall adjacent to the conference room had a glass window
from which they could video tape the activities of the conference.
He was conducting a political gaming simulation on international
affairs around ARPANET {32}, as assigning several schools for
the
governments of the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, China,
etc.
Students had to study about the assigned countries prior to their
gaming started.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{32} Harold Guetzkow of Northwestern University originated
normative
gaming. Bob Noel applied it with ARPANET.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
I asked him who was acting Japan. He said the University
of
Southern California. So, I said to him, "However hard Americans
may
study about Japan, they cannot think as Japanese, since they eat
a
stake with a knife and folks while Japanese eat noodles with chop-
sticks." So, I proposed him to invite the University of
Tokyo to
play a role of Japanese government. During my conversation with
Bob
Noel, I also proposed him that every participating game players
should have their systems dynamics type computer simulation model
to
test and predict their proposed policies so that they could make
quantitative discussions basing on reliable facts and figures
{33}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{33} Environmental and healthcare issues are often related
to the"qual-
ity of life" matters, which are also related to policy
issues. They
are often intangible factors of human activities. Because
of the
limitation of our human knowledge, we also have to know the
limit of
our capability on the quantifying various social factors
to incorpo-
rate into mathematical simulation models, particularly such
term as
the so-called "Quality of Life (QoL)." As the
words imply, quality
and quantity are different, as orange and apple. The "quality"
can
only be judged and described by the persons who are involved
with
their background of tradition and culture which are deeply
rooted in
their religions. From this viewpoint, I think that the attempt
to
quantify QoL into an equation is a serious flaw of systems
dynamics
approach.
We therefore need here to include "normative gaming"
approach with
the use of negotiation techniques by participating game-players
of
various countries whose traditions and cultures are different
from
one another, to exercise conflict resolution, and hence the
collabo-
rative environmental peace gaming. Namely, quantitative
simulation
approach basing on facts and figures should be complemented
with
qualitative, normative gaming. Gaming players dealing global
issues
from their own locations will utilize all available telecommunication
media for communicating with their counterparts. This is
why we need
distributed collaborating global simulation models -- more
later.
Because of the limitation of our human knowledge, we will
try to
rely on expertise of participating regions and sectors for
their
database and simulation model building, which database and
submodels
will then be tied together through global neural computer
network
(i.e, Internet) to have the connected whole act as a single
system.
However, technical know-how of building such databases
and simula-
tion models should not be left within the domain of professionals,
but we should foster such capabilities among youngsters,
say, in
upper level of high school and university/college. By this
do-it-
yourself (or experiential) approach, they will gain insight
of com-
plex, interwoven interrelationship of various social factors,
with
critical thinking and rational analysis. -- this is one of
my motiva-
tions why we are now pursuing on our "Secondary School
Teacher Train-
ing Program (SSTTP)" project -- more later.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
Jay Forrester of M.I.T. once said that the primary purpose
of
systems dynamics simulation is NOT for its prediction/forecasting,
but for the clearer understanding of such interdependent relationship
of social factors. I thought that this with scientific and rational
analysis and critical thinking ought to be the basic principle
of
global education for peace (Millennium Institute) {34}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{34} Referring to the diagram of the hypertext, this is the
so-called
"cause-and-effect" diagram which is to be drawn
as the first step of
systems dynamics simulation study. Some of connecting lines
may be
designated with (-) sign for negative feedback, and the others
with
(+) sign for positive feedback. The former dampens the effect
of
system change and the latter accelerate it. After these
preliminary
studies, a mathematical model of the systems dynamics simulation
can
be constructed.
Therefore, the construction of this "cause-and-effect"
diagram is
the most basic approach for understanding interwoven inter-relation-
ship of various socio-economic-environmental factors -- an
officer of
the U.S. governmental agency once told me that its use among
them was
common. This understanding with rational analysis and critical
thinking, I believe, is now the vital necessity for world
peace
keeping.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
This was the time when the original idea of Globally Collaborative
Peace Gaming was born -- more later -- (Nikkei Shimbun, November
4,
1973), and my inquiries to Bob Noel were based on the words John
McLeod once mentioned that the first step of simulation was to
make
simulation exercise as close to the simuland (i.e., the target
to
simulate) as possible {35}, since simulation projects often consume
huge resources.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{35} When I attended the 22nd International Conference of
the Interna-
tional Simulation and Gaming Association (ISAGA) at Ritsumeikan
University in Kyoto, Japan in July 1991, they demonstrated
a norma-
tive gaming simulation which was similar to the World Game
of
Buckminster Fuller (*). A world map of foot-ball field size
was
spread. Students assigned to each country were standing
on the
country and exchanged their diplomatic messages verbally.
A profes-
sor of the university later said that, even its initial conditions
were same, the results of gaming on Iraq and Iran boarder
incident at
different time were often completely opposite.
I then mentioned him of my conversation with Bob Noel and
our
global gaming with the use of ARPANET and GEISCO. They later
estab-
lished a global affair study center at the university and
introduced
the use of e-mail -- almost 20 years later than our global
gaming.
(*) Late Buckminster Fuller was the Genius in Residence
of the
University City Science Center in Philadelphia (which
is now the home
base of our GLOSAS/USA) in 1960s.
I was very happy when I learned that the World
Game Institute
recently started using Internet and web for their
World Game with
Bucky s Dymaxion Air-Ocean World Map (Wallace, David
J., "World Game
Achieves Inventor s Vision of Global Play," The
New York Times,
October 3, 1997,
<http://nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/100397netgame.html>)
-- though
it is not yet with distributed computer simulation
mode as proposed
by our Globally Collaborative Environmental Peace
Gaming. This is
because I visited Medard Gable, executive director
of the institute,
in the mid-1970s and proposed him the use of computer
simulation and
e-mail approach, as later did to him by a couple of
other electronic
colleagues.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
In the spring of 1973, I conducted the world-first global
"Peace
Gaming" with Bob Noel with the use of e-mail over computer
networks.
I invited the University of Tokyo and he invited the University
of
Brussels and the University of London in addition to several univer-
sities in the U.S. It was a "normative" gaming as exchanging
diplo-
matic e-mail messages without the use of quantitative computer
simu-
lation models. American universities sent their messages through
ARPANET and overseas universities through GEISCO. Students acted
as
if the heads of states and cabinet members of assigned countries.
All messages were accumulated and re-distributed by a node at
the
University of California in Santa Barbara. The scenario designed
by
Bob Noel assumed an international crisis with a border incident
between Iran and Iraq -- which actually happened about 10 years
later
<Utsumi, T. and A. Garzon, 1991>. Japan team sent their
messages to
the United Nations team asking to make the Maraca Straight an
inter-
national zone to secure oil flow from the Middle East to Japan,
asked
the U.S. and Soviet Union teams to withdraw their navy fleets
from
the Pacific and Indian Oceans respectively {36}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{36} This normative gaming was inherited by the International
Communi-
cation of Negotiation with Simulation (ICONS) at the University
of
Maryland -- Professor Jonathan Wilkenfeld, its director,
was a gradu-
ate student under Bob Noel at that time. ICONS is now conducting
gaming simulation with more than 45 schools around the world
every
month.
Professor Leopoldo Schapira of University of Cordoba in
Argentina,
then performed similar gaming simulation on drug trafficking
with his
colleagues around Latin American countries. One of its participants
was Professor Jose Brenes at the University of Costa Rica,
who par-
ticipated in our GLH in October, 1995 -- see his contributing
paper
later.
The other similar follow-up is Project IDEALS (International
Dimension in Education via Active Learning and Simulation)
at the
University of Alabama which is a computer-assisted learning
environ-
ment based on multi-site, semester-long, socially-interactive
simula-
tions.
These projects are (a) to develop competence and confidence
in
communicating with people from other cultures, and so help
create
international friendships, (b) to give students greater knowledge
and
understanding of international events and issues and to provide
a
context for interdisciplinary studies, (c) to enhance professional
skills in such areas as team work, decision making, problem
solving,
leadership and negotiation, and to develop computer literacy,
clear
writing and critical thinking.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
2.3 E-mail as message exchange via computer
A few weeks later, a salesman of GEISCO came to my office
and
asked to terminate this exciting global gaming upon instruction
of
KDD. Another few weeks later, however, the same salesman of GEISCO
handed me an e-mail message from a Norwegian in Oslo (who was
one of
the team members of the "Limit to Growth" project at
M.I.T.). The e-
mail asked me the name and address of the person who installed
DYNAMO
simulation language in the GEISCO time-sharing service mainframe
computer in Cleveland, Ohio {37}. Upon my insistence, the salesman
explained that our gaming simulation had to be stopped due to
the
Japanese telecommunications regulations, which strictly prohibited
the message exchange through a computer without changing its contents
-- more later, -- though such message exchange was performed by
the
node at Bob Noel s office in Santa Barbara, California, which
was
clearly outside of the Japanese judicial domain {38}. On the
other
hand, his e-mail from Norway was permissible because it was transmit-
ted by a salesman of GEISCO in Oslo to him in Tokyo -- both were
in
the same organization. I thought that this was patently unfair,
and
this triggered my deregulation efforts on the use of e-mail {39}
--
more later.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{37} Previously, I requested Jack Pugh of M.I.T. to install
it in
GEISCO s computer so that Japanese could use it from Japan.
{38} Another example of the arrogance of the government controlled
monopolistic KDD at that time.
Nikkei Shimbun, an equivalent newspaper to Wall Street
Journal,
once said that the most successful country with government
controlled
economic prosperity outside the Soviet Union was Japan.
{39} Gaming requires its players. When they are dealing
global issues
from their own locations, they need to have some convenient
telecom-
munication media, e.g., e-mail. This was why I worked hard
on the
extension of U.S. packet-switching networks. John McLeod
once said
that "Tak Utsumi is the one who brought telecommunications
into
computer simulation field."
This was because I advocated the use of data telecommunication
in
simulation field as conducting a panel discussion session
on the
"Gaming-Simulation with Computer Communication Network"
for distrib-
uted computer simulation system at the 1973 SCSC in Montreal,
Canada,
and also presenting a paper of "Joint USA/Japan Project
on GLObal
Systems Analysis and Simulation (GLOSAS) of Energy, Resources
and
Environmental (ERE) Systems" at the 1974 SCSC in Houston,
TX.
However, I was surprised to learn of a critic against our
GLOSAS
project by a scientist of the Club of Rome in the U.K. saying
"What
good would be the data telecommunication for simulation?"
This was
another example how difficult to make "mind change"
even among those
scientists who were supposed to foresee the future of the
world.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
2.4 U.S.-Japan Energy, Resources and Environment (ERE) peace
gaming
In 1974, NSF indicated a grant (about $150,000) possibility
to our
American counterparts (Oregon State University and Bettelle Northwest
Lab) and the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry
(MITI) a grant (about $320,000) to the Japan Team of GLOSAS/JAPAN
Association at Mitsubishi Research Institute for our conducting
a
U.S.-Japan Energy, Resources and Environment (ERE) peace gaming
with
a joint simulation model in a host computer of GEISCO in Cleveland,
OH <Utsumi, T. and E. A. Eschbach, 1974>. Since I could
not stay
with Mitsubishi, this project was not materialized {40}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{40} The GLOSAS project was later the second contender for
funding
after the so-called Fifth Generation Computer Project ($360
million
to $500 million) of the Japanese Ministry for International
Trade and
Industry (MITI), which did not produce any significant results.
I
decided to pursue it even without any funds, and I believe
now that
what I have so far accomplished in the past quarter century
made more
profound affect to Japanese economy and society than the
Fifth Gener-
ation Computer Project.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
2.5 Wireless data telecommunications
In 1973, I created GLOSAS/JAPAN (Dr. Schun-ichi Uchida,
former
president of Tokyo Institute of Technology as its Chairman, Mr.
Jiro
Yoshikuni, former vice minister of finance as its Vice Chairman,
and
I as its Technical Director).
One day, I visited the headquarter of Chichibu Cement
Company in
Tokyo and witnessed their videophone via microwave between the
head-
quarter and their plant which was located about 150 miles north
of
Tokyo. The plant was in a remote area surrounded by the mountains.
It took almost 6 hours by train for their staffs to visit it from
Tokyo office. Albeit very expensive set-up, this saved considerable
time and money for their business.
On this visit, I found a transceiver on their roof top
which was
about to be discarded. I asked them why. They replied that its
frequency had to be moved to other location, since the administration
of Advanced Technology Satellite-I (ATS-I) of NASA was about to
be
transferred to the research laboratory of Nippon Telegraph and
Tele-
communications (NTT) due to its wobbling by the depletion of its
fuel
and hence drifted to the west of the Pacific area. The frequency
of
ATS-I was the same as the one Chichibu was using.
I then arranged for their donation of the transceiver
to the
University of Electro-Communications in Tokyo, since they were
about
to start their link with the Aloha project at the University of
Hawaii. They sent their instructional data to Hawaii via telex,
and
received the computer output via ATS-I with the use of large Yagi
antenna.
I later visited Norman Abramson, who originated Aloha
project as
adapting the packet-switching technology for wireless data communica-
tions -- he was the inventer of wireless Internet. He showed
me his
experimental setup which was regularly receiving weather data
from
the top of Diamond Head of Oahu Island to his office through clear
line-of-sight. He later agreed to be one of the advisors of my
profit-oriented Global Information Services, Inc. which was estab-
lished in 1977 in New York.
Late Professor Juro Oizumi of Tohoku University (a renown
wireless
telecommunications expert) was helping the people at the University
of Electro-Communications. He was surprised to learn that Norman
Abramson was experimenting the transmission of data embedded into
a
voice communication channel -- which is a norm nowadays (like
comput-
er-mediated multimedia system, e.g., ShareVision -- more later).
He
told me that the Japanese government which controlled monopolistic
telecommunication industries would never allow it even as an experi-
ment, since their mind was totally dominated with the concept
of
circuit-switching technology -- more later.
Around that time also, Oizumi s group was also testing
a very
interesting way of data telecommunications. They mounted a trans-
ceiver and antenna on an automobile and investigated reflection
of
microwave by buildings and city noises in Tokyo, albeit very slow
speed at that time {41}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{41} We are currently setting up an inexpensive wireless
broad-band
(115 Kbps to 3 Mbps) Internet network to connect several
secondary
schools in Philadelphia, PA, with a similar testing purpose,
for our
Secondary School Teacher Training Program (SSTTP) project
with a
possible fund from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
**********************************************************************
* Takeshi Utsumi, Ph.D.
*
* Laureate of Lord Perry Award for Excellence in Distance Education
*
* Founder of CAADE
*
* (Consortium for Affordable and Accessible Distance Education)
*
* President, Global University in the U.S.A. (GU/USA)
*
* A Divisional Activity of GLOSAS/USA
*
* (GLObal Systems Analysis and Simulation Association in the U.S.A.)
*
* 43-23 Colden Street, Flushing, NY 11355-3998, U.S.A.
*
* Tel: 718-939-0928; Fax: 718-939-0656 (day time only--prefer
email) *
* INTERNET: utsumi@columbia.edu; Tax Exempt ID: 11-2999676
*
* FTP://champlaincollege.qc.ca (IP 198.168.102.231)
*
* http://www.wiu.edu/users/milibo/wiu/resource/glosas/cont.htm
*
* http://www.friends-
*
* partners.org/oldfriends/education/globaluniv/synopsis.html
*
**********************************************************************
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Date: Thu, 23 Oct 1997 21:56:20 -0400
From: Tak Utsumi <utsumi@www.friends-partners.org>
Subject: Part I/Chapter 1/#3 of 3 of proposed book
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3 Extension of U.S. packet-switching data telecommunication to Japan
3.1 Inauguration of commercial packet-switching service in the U.S.
Telenet (which became GTE/Telenet and now Sprint) was
established
in 1976 by BBN with Larry Roberts (former BBN man and then Director
of ARPANET) as its president, in order to commercially provide
pack-
et-switching data telecommunication services -- the so-called
unregu-
lated "enhanced services" or value added network (VAN).
I immediate-
ly visited them in Washington, D.C. and started helping their
over-
seas expansion and use of e-mail (then, Telemail, and later
SprintMail). They confronted with a decision on either their
over-
seas extension should be conducted by themselves or to rely on
the
already existing telex service providers, e.g., ITT World Communica-
tions, Western Union International (WUI) or RCA Global Communications
(Globcom). I commended them to take the latter {42}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{42} This was because of my experiences in Japan, especially
with KDD.
KDD was developing their own VENUS data telecommunication
service
under the direction of Dr. Aritake, my family friend, and
large
Japanese firms were shy to deal with any new ventures in
the U.S.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
3.2 Effort of extending U.S. VANs to overseas
Because of anticipated resistance by the Japanese telecommunica-
tion industries (e.g., the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(MPT), KDD and NTT), I promoted the awareness of Japanese on the
new
packet-switching technology with many publications in professional
journals which resulted articles in major newspapers appealing
to
retrieve "treasures" of abundant information from the
U.S. {43}
(Nikkei Shimbun, November 27, 1978) (Asahi Shimbun, March 12,
1979)
(Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun, March 22, 1979). I also helped American
telex service providers to extend Telenet s service through their
networks to Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, New
Zea-
land, Taiwan, etc. {44}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{43} They were Chemical Abstracts, Medline, The New York
Times, etc. I
once retrieved the New York Times databank with key words
of "Japan"
and "Christianity." The headlines of a few hundred
articles ap-
peared. I then added "resurrection." Lo be hold,
a single article
appeared saying that Jesus Christ walked through middle east
and
China and came to Japan to die in a small town in northern
Japan, and
there was a shrine for him. I learned the power of databank
retriev-
al.
One of my major motivations to extend Telenet to overseas
coun-
tries, particularly to Japan, was to provide Japanese with
their
access to those information, rather than they were to be
confined
with the limited services available only from GEISCO host
computer in
Cleveland, Ohio -- i.e., more freedom of choice to users.
This meant severe business competition to GEISCO, as evidenced
with their petitions submitted to the U.S. FCC which opposed
the
extension of Telenet to Hong Kong by Cable & Wireless,
and later to
Japan by the U.S. telex service providers.
{44} Japanese words say that if you want to capture a castle,
you need
to firstly fill up its surrounding moat.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
During this process, I visited the governor of Guam Island,
since
Guam is the hub of underseas telecommunications cables around
the
Pacific rim countries. I also visited British Telecom and Cable
&
Wireless (C&W) in London, since C&W controlled the telecommunications
of Hong Kong. I thought that if Hong Kong would get Telenet,
KDD
would have to follow the suit since C&W in Hong Kong was a
keen rival
to KDD. In February of 1978, I attended the First Transnational
Data
Regulation Conference organized by European Parliament and held
in
Brussels, Belgium. I appealed the delegates from European telecommu-
nication industries and governments for globalization of VANs.
However, I was shocked to find the articles in a major British
com-
puter industry journal to oppose my appeal (Computing Europe,
Febru-
ary 16, 1978), especially in such a country as Britain where global
governance of colonial commonwealth was once prominent -- another
example of how difficult it is to change "mind" for
new technology.
After Taiwan got the extension of Telenet, KDD finally
decided to
have it also. In response to the KDD s decision, American telex
service providers submitted the U.S. Federal Communications Commis-
sion (FCC) their applications to extend their services to Japan.
3.3 Battle to inaugurate KDD s ICAS data telecommunication service
The American telex service providers applications met
with coun-
ter-petitions from GEISCO and CDC to block their extensions to
Japan
until Japan de-regulated their telecommunications policies. This
was
because GEISCO had serious difficulty to extend their services
to
Japan compared with the case when they extended their services
to
Hong Kong with Cable and Wireless of London. CDC s contention
was
this (Norris, William C., "Limiting Japan s Access to Our
Research,"
The New York Times, July 24, 1983); Previously, IBM sold their
time-
sharing service in Cleveland, Ohio, to CDC due to their consent
with
the Justice Department, which service was then extended to Japan.
CDC tried to provide their Cyber service in Minneapolis, Minnesota
to
Japan, also. Instead of having a direct leased line from Minneapolis
to Tokyo, they wanted to connect their mainframe computer in Minneap-
olis with the time-sharing service computer in Cleveland, and
use its
leased line from Cleveland to Tokyo. This meant that the computer
in
Cleveland had to route data from Minneapolis without changing
its
content. This was an infringement of the Japanese telecommunication
policy, though such routing was to be done outside the jurisdiction
of Japan. I submitted a thick petition with many letters of support
to the FCC for countering with GEISCO and CDC, with contention
that
Japanese were not totally ignorant, and if it was allowed, they
would
realize by themselves how their regulations were so ridiculous.
A
famous law firm in Washington, D.C. said on behalf of CDC (billions
dollar revenue firm) that my favor to the American telex service
providers was "patently unfair." The FCC finally announced
their
decision saying that they duly considered my contention for their
decision {45} (Nikkei Shimbun, December 15, 1979).
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{45} Later I was surprised to read a newspaper article by
an officer of
KDD which claimed that those letters of support were collected
by him
and battled against GEISCO and CDC by themselves, though
I was the
one who gave him the copies of those letters and my petitions
to the
FCC -- another example of KDD s arrogance.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
In spite of the FCC s decision, KDD took several months to
adjust
with their VENUS operation to inaugurate their International Computer
Access Service (ICAS) (Asahi Shimbun, July 16, 1980) in September
of
1980 (Nikkei Shimbun, July 31, 1980), until they learned that
Bundespost (Germany s monopolistic telecommunication company)
airshipped a router from the U.S. ICAS was an instantaneous success
drawing many crowds to its demo (Nikkei Shimbun, September 5,
1980)
with ten times more than expected users (Nikkei Shimbun, September
12, 1980) (Nikkei Shimbun, December 22, 1980).
3.4 Prohibition of the use of e-mail
However, when I read the user manual of ICAS, I found
a fine print
saying that the exchange of a message by a computer without changing
its contents (e.g., e-mail, etc.) was prohibited. KDD was also
cunning enough to have deliberately used the word "processing"
in-
stead of "changing" in its English version for overseas
users, as if
it would have complied with ITU s CCITT recommendations.
According to this regulation, a Japanese user had to use
bulky and
expensive telex to send his request for a full paper after searching
a desired paper by abstracts in a databank, to the information
ser-
vice providers in the U.S. KDD affirmed this when I inquired
about
it. This was obviously against my original intention of extending
the U.S. data telecommunications network to Japan, for using e-mail
for collaborative communications among peace gaming players and
for
questions and answers (Q&A) between instructors and students
and
among students of my planned Global University System {46}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{46} Telephone was invented by Graham Bell with a word "Watson,
Please
come here!" Children often imitate it with two tin cans
and a string
attached to them. This is a point-to-point connection.
When a
person wants to speak, he puts his can to his mouth, and
the other
person puts his to his ear. This is a simplex mode. Present
day s
telephone enables both parties speaking at the same time
which is a
duplex mode. When a person wants to speak with a third person,
the
string (or line or circuit) has to be switched to the third
person to
have a point-to-point connection with him. During this pint-to-point
connection, the circuit is exclusively occupied by the two
persons
conversation. No one should come in or hear (eavesdrop)
the conver-
sations, lest the privacy of telecommunications should be
infringed.
This is the basic tenant of conventional telephone industry.
This is
also because inherent interference of conversations by analog
tele-
phone technology need to be minimized. Advent of packet-switching,
digitization of analog (or audio/voice) current, and data
compression
technologies completely changed this picture for telephone
industry.
I learned that almost 75% of our telephone conversation
is empty,
if the conversation is effectively compressed, though such
empty gap
between words is necessary for clear understanding of our
conversa-
tion. It is said that telephone companies nowadays effectively
compress our telephone conversations and mingle with other
parties
conversations during their transmission through high-speed
trunk
lines, thus cost effective use of valuable and expensive
trunk line -
- and possible cost reduction to users by the "shared"
use of the
line.
Therefore, it would be a false perception if we consider
that the
entire circuit between point-to-point is always exclusively
reserved
for the use of the parties at the both ends. This notion
and the
similar use of Internet telephony technology will lead to
the com-
plete revamping of telephone charge from per minute usage
to per
kilo-byte usage, which can bring a drastic cost reduction
in the near
future. This will revolutionize telecommunication industry,
as I did
with the de-regulation of the Japanese telecommunication
policies for
the use of e-mail. This is why of my motivation to promote
Internet
telephony.
"Sharing" concept will also be extended to the
sharing of informa-
tion and knowledge with our Global University System project
--
Japanese words say that "Ultimate pleasure is to share
your happiness
and acquiring knowledge is a joy."
Not only Japanese Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
but also
telecommunication industries could not switch their "mind"
easily
from analog to digital and from circuit-switching to packet-switching
-- even International Telecommunications Union (ITU), a technical
agency of the United Nations, did not include Internet until
recently
<Giussani, Bruno, "Telecommunications and Internet
Fail to Connect at
Conference," The New York Times, September 16, 1997>.
This regulation was also due to the Japanese government
s inten-
tion that such message exchange should be done by the government
controlled monopolistic telecommunication industries, since
e-mail
could threaten their businesses, particularly of KDD, which
had
almost 60% of revenues out of telex.
Most of the telex users in Japan were large trading firms
which
had many leased telex lines to overseas countries around
the world,
as paying tens millions of dollars to KDD. I was very glad
when I
read an article in a Japanese newspaper a few years ago that
those
trading firms finally terminated telex completely, since
their commu-
nications were advanced with fax and e-mail at much less
costs than
telex.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
3.5 De-regulation of the Japanese telecommunications policy
for the
use of e-mail through the U.S. government
After investigating the situations with the Japanese Ministry
of
Post and Telecommunications, Diet members, NTT, KDD, and information
service providers in Japan in the spring of 1981, I reported it
at a
meeting at the U.S. Commerce Department, which gathered staffs
from
the White House, State Department, USTR, USTFC, FCC, NTIA, USIA,
etc.
I urged them to pressure the Japanese government for the de-regula-
tions of their telecommunications policies, particularly for the
use
of e-mail and computer conferencing system. I also warned them
that
severe U.S.-Japan trade conflicts would rise soon after the divesture
of AT&T. In order to secure my appeal to them, I submitted
a thick
petition with many letters of support to the Commerce Department
in
August of 1981.
When Late Commerce Secretary Malcom Baldrige visited Japan
in
October of 1981, he requested the de-regulation of the Japanese
telecommunications policy for the use of e-mail and computer
conferencing through U.S.-Japan public packet-switching lines,
as one
of three non-tariff barriers (Chunichi Shimbun, October 31, 1981)
--
this was the first of many subsequent U.S.-Japan trade issues
on the
non-tariff barriers. The Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommuni-
cations and KDD finally complied with my request and started allowing
the use of e-mail from April 1, 1982 (U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
1982,
Letter of Notification) {47}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{47} GEISCO immediately started marketing their Quickcom
e-mail ser-
vice, with an advertisement on newspapers as if they were
the one who
made such de-regulation effort.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
Around this time, KDD inaugurated their VENUS data telecommunica-
tions service. I requested a U.S. Commerce Department officer
to
obtain its user manual for me, since I could not trust their opera-
tion from my previous experiences. I found the prohibition of
e-mail
with VENUS in the user manual, even though its use was approved
via
ICAS by the economic ministers committee. I had then again to
spend
several more months for its de-regulation through another agency
of
the Japanese government. Even after this de-regulation, it was
only
for Japanese using American e-mail services but not the other
way
around.
In April of 1984, the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommuni-
cations made a major revamping of telecommunications policies.
I
sent again many thick petitions to the U.S. and the Japanese govern-
mental agencies, AT&T, IBM, Hughes Aircraft, Honeywell, Telenet/Tymnet,
CSC,
CDC, Lockheed, SDC and many other major industries, and
President Reagan, Commerce Secretary Baldrige, etc. I urged the
U.S.
Trade Representatives (USTR) to pressure the Japanese government
{48}. Almost all of my requests on the complete liberalization
of
data telecommunications and penetration of American service companies
to Japan {49} were conveyed by the USTR and American Ambassador
to
the Japanese government and finally approved.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{48} During this period, I was a consultant to the Japanese
Ministry
for International Trade and Industry (MITI). MITI was a
strong rival
to the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(MPT). MITI
was in favor of liberalization of telecommunications policies.
However, even though MITI wanted to express their view to
U.S. gov-
ernment, all of their messages had to be sent through the
Japanese
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This subsequently leaked out
the mes-
sages to the MPT. So, MITI wanted to have a channel which
could
convey their messages to the U.S. government without going
through
normal governmental channel. This was why I was their consultant.
{49} The next-to-final draft of the new telecommunications
policy had a
fine print prohibiting the penetration of American service
companies
(i.e., IBM) into Japanese market. I reported this to the
USTR and
their pressure removed it from the final version.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
The above efforts helped achieve a de-monopolization and
liberal-
ization of the Japanese telecommunication industries, thus enabling
various private terrestrial and satellite communication service
companies to emerge. This easing of restrictions included a statuto-
ry provision allowing the entry of foreign enterprises (particularly
IBM s network) into the Japanese telecommunication markets. This
enabled cost reductions of telecommunications -- down to one fifth
to
one eighth of the previous cost in only one decade. The European
Economic Community (EEC), Latin American countries and others
have
followed the suit (now 80 countries with Internet access and 180
with
e-mail access). Japanese initiatives were a model for the world
(Berger, Michael, 1987, "Newsmaker: Japan s MPT chief seeks
less regulation, endorses standards," Data Communication,
Janu-
ary, Page 97 to 98) {50}. The way has been paved for the global
educational exchange with experiential learning via various telecom-
munication media in the service of better understanding of global
issues.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{50} I later was surprised to find an article in American
industrial
journal in which an officer of Japanese MPT claimed as if
their de-
regulations were made by their own initiatives and he was
even sug-
gesting other countries to follow the suit.
"The first reaction to a new idea is usually, That
s crazy, "
says Alan Huang, a computer scientist. "The next is
That s impossi-
ble, then, That s impractical. Followed by, It s not
that sig-
nificant. The last is, I had that idea before. "
-- quoted from
Markoff, J. and T. Race, "Wizards, Wonders And Wonks,"
The New York
Times Magazine, September 28, 1997, Page 71.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
3.6 Extension of NSF s CSNET to Japan
Computer Science Research Network (CSNET) of the U.S.
National
Science Foundation (a predecessor to Internet) was a general purpose
communication network capable of linking all computer science
re-
search groups in universities, industry and government in the
United
States. CSNET was a logical network spanning several physical
com-
puter communication networks, including ARPANET, public packet
net-
works (e.g., TELENET and TYMNET), and PHONENET (a telephone based
message relay system). PHONENET used telephone links to incorporate
hosts not residing on any network into CSNET. As new public networks
were established, CSNET expanded to accommodate hosts connected
to
them.
Gateways connected the component networks (Diagram of
CSNET).
Adoption of a common addressing method and a uniform protocol
archi-
tecture enabled communication between any two CSNET hosts. As
the
project developed, interprocess communication protocols and addition-
al capabilities were added. CSNET evolved by adopting new technolo-
gies as it became available; it continued to offer state-of-the-art
computer communications services to the computer science research
community.
CSNET used existing facilities where they were available.
Some
sites had ARPANET connections. Other sites gained access through
public packet network connections. Sites that could not justify
connection into a public packet network gained access to CSNET
via
PHONENET. Individual researchers who could not gain access by
any of
these methods could still use CSNET via a so-called Public Host.
Every computer science researcher therefore had some access route
to
this complex.
Communication services provided initially included message
servic-
es, file transfer, and access to remote database and system resourc-
es. Message service permitted rapid exchange of messages or docu-
ments from one researcher to another. The impediments to communica-
tion posed by differing work schedules, time zones, delivery delays,
and the higher cost of long distance telephone were thereby avoided.
File transfer permitted software packages or data to be shipped
along
with the network from one computer to another. For instance,
design
files for fabrication of integrated circuits could be transported
in
this way. Remote database access involved the reading and writing
of
data in files of other researchers at remote locations. Thus,
a
variety of databases could be maintained over the network such
as
software directories and technical papers. The availability of
these
services amplified the effectiveness of communication among computer
scientists.
In 1981, I made an initial effort of extending this CSNET
to Japan
as contacting echelons of Japanese government and Liberal Democratic
Party (Extension of CSNET to Japan). This project was later under-
taken by Professor Haruhisa Ishida of the University of Tokyo
(Ishida, H., 1991).
3.7 Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES)
At the International Conference on Computer Communications
(ICCC)
held in Washington, D.C. in October, 1972 (which was mentioned
above), I saw a demonstration of EMISARI computer conferencing
sys-
tem. This was used at the Executive Office of the President for
Wage
and Price Control program under Nixon administration. I thought
this
would be the most suitable coordination media among peace gaming
players.
The successor of EMISARI was the Electronic Information
Exchange
System (EIES) of the New Jersey Institute of Technology {51}.
After
the de-regulation of e-mail in Japan, I started marketing it to
many
secondary schools in Japan. However, it was a difficult task
because
Japanese were usually shy to express themselves in addition to
their
language problem with English.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{51} Murray Turoff, Director of EIES, told me that he had
to avoid the
use of the words "e-mail" or "computer conferencing"
lest it should
cause any trouble from regulatory aspect.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
Although this was only text-oriented message exchange system,
it
was used for several pioneering distance education programs with
students from around the world. One of the interesting results
was
that, if distance education was used, oriental students often
submit-
ted twice much materials than American students, though orientals
were usually shy and not to raise questions at the face-to-face
classrooms. Same is said about female (Datamation, April 1, 1994,
"E-Mail Or E-Female?").
Equivalently excellent computer conferencing system around
that
time was NOTEPAD made by Jack Vallee, which was used by many indus-
trial firms, non-profit organizations, and even by NASA. When
it was
proliferated among NASA employees, its echelons were bewildered
with
many messages they received everyday so that they had to stop
the use
of e-mail. Right after this, Challenger disaster occurred, since
the
message warning the deficiency of O-ring in cold weather from
an
engineer of Thiokol could not reach to the top of NASA just a
few
days prior to the disaster {52}. The engineer was happened to
be my
junior graduate from the Chemical Engineering Department of Montana
State University in Bozeman, Montana -- he received a medal from
the
university later.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{52} This incident showed the importance of e-mail and horizontal
structure in information age -- more later.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
3.8 Distance learning with EIES
In January of 1985, I had an opportunity to receive a
scholarship
to take the first distance learning seminar with the use of EIES
for
six months, which was organized by Western Behavioral Science
Insti-
tute in La Jolla, California. The lecturers were prominent scholars,
such as Walter Roberts, founder of the National Center for Atmospher-
ic Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, and the former president
of
American Association for the Advancement of Science, etc. Students
were from industries and governmental agencies. Prior to the
dis-
tance learning seminar, they conducted a face-to-face workshop
and
conference where lecturers presented the outlines of their planned
courses and students could learn how to log on the EIES with their
personal computer and a modem at their office or home. Albeit
only
text-oriented messages, discussions through EIES were very intensive
and interesting -- for two months for each lecturer. However,
our
discussions were sparse during the session of the lecturer who
missed
the face-to-face meeting in La Jolla.
This experience taught me how important and effective
the face-to-
face meeting prior to the distance learning seminar is. In other
words, if we can have a good human contact with a face-to-face
meet-
ing, we need not always have video of instructors during distance
learning -- more later.
3.9 Marketing of U.S. software
The USTR also pressured Nippon Telegraph and Telecommunications
(NTT) for their liberalization of procurement policy to buy American
equipment and computer software. Dr. Saburo Okita (former chief
of
Japan Club of Rome) visited Washington, D.C. to sign the agreement.
I then helped marketing a software engineering system to the central
laboratory of NTT which was equivalent to Bell Lab of AT&T
in New
Jersey. This system was based on a mathematical model of Rayleigh
equation (which has a skewed probability curve), and to be used
for
planning of a software development project for cost saving and
im-
proving its programming quality. This was one of the three items
NTT
firstly purchased from overseas countries {53}. For its customer
service, we extensively used EIES.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{53} Later, a lawyer from Washington, D.C. was surprised
to hear of
this, since he thought that NTT purchased only from a well
estab-
lished large firm in the U.S.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
3.10 Marketing of HEP
In early 1970s, there was an international conference
on computer
simulation in Tokyo. I met David Miller of Denelcor (mentioned
above) there and discussed the possibility of massively parallel
digital processor as replacing amplifiers of analog computer with
digital processors. He later developed Heterogeneous Element
Proces-
sor (HEP) with Max Gilliland, who developed the hybrid computer
at
Beckman Instrument (mentioned above), for the U.S. Army Ballistic
Research Laboratories. This was the first commercially available
parallel digital computer with 50 digital processors with "Multiple
Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD)" stream structure to achieve
500
million instructions per second {54}. I helped him to market
it in
Japan, but in vain -- due to the difficulty of its programming,
compared with some successful installations in the U.K., Germany
and
other European countries {55}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{54} Incidentally, CDC 6000 and IBM 370, etc., were Single
Instruction
Single Data (SISD) stream, and ILLIAC-4, CRAY-I and CDC STAR
were
Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) stream. They were
inherently
slower than HEP.
At the 1975 SCSC in Chicago, a scientist presented his
computer
simulation of an airplane design with ILIAC-IV (4 parallel
digital
processors) eliminating wind tunnel experiment. This might
be the
beginning of all simulation approach for complex engineering
pro-
jects.
This HEP was the start of the so-called massively parallel
pro-
cessing machine such as Thinking machine, etc. JANUS, the
current
world fastest supercomputer at Sandia National Laboratories
in Albu-
querque, NM, has 9,072 Pentium Pro processors with teraflop
speed.
Scientists are now predicting to have a petaflop machine
which can
perform one quadrillion (a thousand trillion) operations
a second by
2010 <Johnson, George, 1997, "Giant Computer Virtually
Conquers Space
and Time," The New York Times, September 2, 1997>.
{55} During this time, I brought NEC engineers to Denelcor.
They
received ample materials but the deal for its technology
know-how
transfer was not materialized. NEC has then developed one
of the
world fastest supercomputer and recently installed it in
the National
Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, CO. This
is the
usual Japanese tactic (*). The U.S. government will impose
a penalty
to NEC (and other Japanese computer makers, e.g., Fujitsu
and
Hitachi) with up to 454% import tax surcharge for their under-cutting
the price in competition to the American competitors <The
New York
Times, September 27, 1997>, -- they developed their mainframe
comput-
ers with the support of the Japanese Ministry of International
Trade
and Industry (i.e., Japanese taxpayers money).
(*) They showed their interest in HEP, so that Denelcor
provided
them with ample information. A few years later, they
declined to
purchase it, and some years later they developed similar
products to
compete American products.
This is because their culture (which is based
on their religion)
is idolatry -- not giving any values to "in-tangibleness,"
"in-visibleness" -- more later.
A snag here is that, by the time when Japanese
thought that they
have caught up with American technological front,
American s
technology has already moved to the next higher level.
Japanese are
always the "second best." Examples are
Japanese world-largest
battleships, Musashi and Yamato, NHK s HDTV project,
etc., as
mentioned before. Even the race of the developing
mainframe
supercomputers has already been peaked out in the
U.S. and American s
interest is now how to link them with broad-band Internet
for
distributed computer simulation for the study of,
say, global
climatology, etc., as having those interlinked supercomputers
work as
a single system. This was what I have advocated since
a quar-ter
century ago.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
3.11 De-regulation for the use of receive-only antenna
In 1990, I also made an effort to de-regulate the Japanese
tele-
communication policies for the use of receive-only antenna to
receive
signals directly from INTELSAT satellites for educational and
non-
profit purposes.
Extending communications through a global network and
sharing
ideas and educational opportunities with other locations is of
a
paramount interest. The quality of education for those unable
to
attend conventional universities in disadvantaged countries could
be
greatly enhanced. Such distance educational service can also
become
an exportable commodity to remedy American trade deficits.
The INTELSAT system was originally established for satellite
telecommunications. Because of its monopolistic structure,
downlinking (including micro-waving from its signatories earth
stations to user sites) cost an amount that was prohibitive for
any
educational use, in contrast to the fact that uplinking from the
U.S.
was de-monopolized and became inexpensive. On the other hand,
due to
the advent of the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) antenna,
sig-
nals from INTELSAT had been eavesdropped (unofficially) at various
sites (in a similar way as a home TV set) for testing and educational
purposes in Japan. It was technically possible to utilize INTELSAT
satellites inexpensively for one-way broadcasting of educational
courses from the U.S., if the monopolistic regulation was cleared.
Once the Japanese policy was de-regulated on this matter, other
countries might have followed the suit, as was the case for the
use
of e-mail and computer conferencing, etc., in Europe, East Asia,
Australia, and Latin America, as mentioned above.
This affordable trans-Pacific educational services would
be the
basis of our planned Global/Pacific (electronic) University (GPU)
when other Pacific periphery countries followed the Japanese lead,
since the foot-print of the INTELSAT satellite could well cover
some
of those areas, too. Private international satellites, such as
PAN-
AM, ASIASAT, etc., would also provide us with a glut of international
satellite capacity to make the cost even cheaper -- more suitable
for
the educational use.
Thanks to the letters of support from more than 50 universities
and organizations I received, the Japanese Ministry for Posts
and
Telecommunications de-regulated this issue in 1994.
3.12 Remarks
I have achieved so far a part of my life task with my
considerable
time, efforts and private funds in the past two decades -- it
was
certainly a long, lonely strenuous road {56}, since dealing with
Japanese, particularly its government and monopolistic telecommunica-
tion industries (e.g., KDD) was like peeling the onion, as many
American trade negotiators criticized!! I was, however, fortunate
to
have the generous support and help from the U.S. White House,
the
U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), the U.S. Department of Commerce
(particularly the Late Secretary Malcom Baldrige), the U.S. Federal
Communications Commission, American educational and industrial
orga-
nizations, and the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party (especially,
Mr.
Tadashi Kuranari, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and one of
my
family friends), to name but a few among many in the U.S., Japan
and
other countries.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{56} Mr. Masuzo Fujibayashi, former Chief of Justice of Japanese
Su-
preme Court, one of my family friends and with whom I learned
how to
read Bible in Greek, said in his memoir that he felt a big
hand on
his back whenever he was at a turning point of his life.
I would say
the same.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
As the result, the use of e-mail (the so-called PASOCON-TSUSHIN
(=
personal computer telecommunication) in Japanese) became proliferated
in Japan as reforming a hierarchical structure of the Japanese
soci-
ety to horizontal, achieving a goal of my effort (Nikkei Shimbun,
August 2, 1989 {57}). I was particularly happy when I saw an
article
in Nikkei Shimbun a few years ago which the results of a survey
reported that almost 50% of Japanese youngsters now do no longer
want
to have life-long employment system.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{57} When the use of e-mail started spreading in Japan, its
first users
were mostly computer programmers. They were young and free
to talk
with fellow professionals of other firms -- which was not
usual
custom among company employees in those days without e-mail.
When a
small firm of computer software programming received a big
job, its
news was flashed via e-mail and recruited fellow programmers
from
other firms. This initiated a fluid job market in Japan,
and hence
started to "open" its society.
Hundreds of Japanese has recently sent angry e-mail messages
to
their Japanese Prime Minister to bring down his cabinet member
for
his misconduct <Business Week, October 6, 1997, Page 144)
-- an
example of the effective use of e-mail in Japan.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
A Japanese newspaper described that the inauguration of interna-
tional data telecommunication services (ICAS and VENUS of KDD)
was
the "Third Opening of Japan," following the second of
introducing
democracy by General Douglas MacArthur and the first by Commodore
Perry s black ship about 150 years ago.
In view of my effort of introducing the U.S. packet-switching
data
telecommunication network to Japan, de-regulation and de-monopoliza-
tion of the Japanese telecommunication policies and industries,
and
their consequential impact to the Japanese society, Rector Hironaka
of Hiroshima University (former dean of mathematics at Harvard
Uni-
versity and Field Award laureate) termed me as a revolutionist
as
Ryuma Sakamoto, who initiated Meiji revolution about 130 years
ago
(Tashiro, Ku, 1993) {58}.
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{58} Unfortunately, Sakamoto was assassinated.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
I was also very happy to learn that 80 million people now
use e-
mail worldwide (40 million in the U.S.) and 60% of Internet usage
for
e-mailing. A colleague in Croatia said "GLOSAS project is
the Archi-
medes lever." {59}
FOOTNOTES BEGIN********************************
{59} "Tak Utsumi is a man of visionary," said Ms.
Patricia Walder of
Roxborough High School in Philadelphia, PA.
"Being a visionary is not the same thing as being
popular. Odds
are, if you re a visionary, most of your years have been
a struggle
to get others to see what is so apparent to you. This requires
arguing people out of long-held beliefs, absorbing countless
verbal
assaults and clinging to your judgement while friends wonder
when
you ll start explaining your position to your dog. Yet with
every
passing day, you grow more certain that you re right."
-- quoted from
Ramo, Joshua Cooper, "How AOL Lost the Battles but Won
the War,"
Time, September 22, 1997.
*********************************FOOTNOTES ENDS
"The GLOSAS Project is Dr. Utsumi s second social revolution!"
said a high ranking officer of the Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI) in the summer of 1991, referring to
the
fact that the deregulation significantly contributed to and continued
to exert influences on the change in the Japanese society and
indus-
try.
Information and telecommunication are the very basic infrastruc-
ture of economic development, as attested by the rapid rise of
Japan
to the world economic power after the de-monopolization and liberal-
ization of the telecommunication policies and industries in early
1980s. This also brought a transformation and upheaval of the
Japa-
nese society from being feudalistic (vertical) to democratic (hori-
zontal). Yet, that was after her reformation of only hardware-
oriented information infrastructure. Our projects now focus more
on
substance and content of the information, i.e., knowledge and
educa-
tion. This was the reason why the above comment was made by the
MITI
officer.
**************************************
REFERENCES:
Utsumi, T., C. H. Jones and L. Chin, 1970, "Optimization
of CSMP/360
or Hybrid Models," 1970 SCSC Proceedings, Pages 143-153.
Utsumi, T. and A. Garzon, 1991, "Global University for
Global Peace
Gaming," Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference
of the
International Simulation and Gaming Association (ISAGA), Kyoto,
Japan, 15-19 July, 1991, Pages 112 to 120, Springer-Verlag
Utsumi, T. and E. A. Eschbach, 1974, "Joint USA/Japan
Project on
Global Systems Analysis and Simulation (GLOSAS) of Energy, Resources
and Environmental (ERE) Systems," Proceedings of 1974 SCSC,
Houston,
TX, July, 1974, Pages 343-353.
**************************************
INSERTIONS (Images, graphs and diagrams, etc.):
Asahi Shimbun, March 12, 1979, "Real-time Databank Retrieval
from the U.S.," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
Asahi Shimbun, July 16, 1980, "Inauguration of KDD s ICAS
Ser-
vice:
Instantaneous Information Retrieval from the U.S.," In Japa-
nese (Permission to be obtained later.)
Berger, Michael, 1987, "Newsmaker: Japan s MPT chief seeks
less regulation, endorses standards," Data Communication,
Janu-
ary, Page 97 to 98 (Permission to be obtained later.)
Chunichi Shimbun, October 31, 1981, "Remove Non-Tariff
Barrier,"
In Japanese and English translation (Permission to be obtained
later.)
Computing Europe, February 16, 1978, Reports on a Transnational
Data Regulation Conference (Permission to be obtained later.)
Datamation, April 1, 1994, "E-Mail Or E-Female?"
Page 21 (Permis-
sion to be obtained later.)
Ishida, H., 1991, Private communication
Malik, R., September 8, 1977, "In person: Packet-switching
s
unsung hero," New Scientist (Permission to be obtained later.)
Maps of ARPANET
Millennium Institute, "Cause and Effect Diagram of Threshold
21 National Sustainable Development Model,"
<http://www.igc.apc.org/millennium/t21/t21run.html>
(Permission to be obtained later.)
National Science Foundation, "Diagram of CSNET," 1981
Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun, March 22, 1979, "Networking Industry:
Mountain of Treasures," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained
later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, November 4, 1973, "Japan-U.S. Online Energy
Information via Satellite," In Japanese (Permission to be
ob-
tained later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, November 27, 1978, "Information Retrieval
from
the U.S.," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, December 15, 1979, "FCC allowed KDD s
ICAS," In
Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, July 31, 1980, "Opening of International
Data
Telecommunications Services," In Japanese (Permission to
be
obtained later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, September 5, 1980, "Demonstration of ICAS
Ser-
vices," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, September 12, 1980, "Many ICAS Users:
More than
Ten Times than Expected," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained
later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, December 22, 1980,"Prosperous Online Services,"
In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
Nikkei Shimbun, August 2, 1989, "Crumbling Down Pyramid,"
In
Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
Norris, William C. "Limiting Japan s Access to Our Research,"
The New York Times, July 24, 1983 (Permission to be obtained
later.)
Tashiro, Ku, 1993 "Story of the Man who Devoted His Life
to
Global Distance Education," Kigyo to Jinzai, November 20,
1993,
In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1982, Letter of Notification, April
6,
1982
Utsumi, T., 1970, "A Message from the Program Chairman,"
Pro-
ceedings of the 1970 SCSC, Denver, Colorado
Utsumi, T., 1971a, "A Message from the General Chairman,"
Pro-
ceedings of the 1971 SCSC, Boston, Massachusetts
Utsumi, T., 1971b, "Peace and War Gaming"
Utsumi, T., 1971c, "Comparison between War and Peace Games"
Utsumi, T., 1981, "Extension of CSNET to Japan"
**************************************
INSERTIONS (Images, graphs and diagrams, etc.):
**************************************
Utsumi, T., 1970, "A Message from the Program Chairman,"
Pro-
ceedings of the 1970 SCSC, Denver, Colorado
**************************************
Utsumi, T., 1971a, "A Message from the General Chairman,"
Pro-
ceedings of the 1971 SCSC, Boston, Massachusetts
**************************************
Utsumi, T., 1971b, "Peace and War Gaming"
**************************************
Utsumi, T., 1971c, "Comparison between War and Peace
Games"
**************************************
Maps of ARPANET
**************************************
Malik, R., September 8, 1977, "In person: Packet-switching
s
unsung hero," New Scientist (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Millennium Institute, "Cause and Effect Diagram of Threshold
21 National Sustainable Development Model,"
<http://www.igc.apc.org/millennium/t21/t21run.html> (Permission
to be obtained later.)
Note:
This is the so-called "cause-and-effect" diagram
which is to be
drawn as the first step of systems dynamics simulation study.
Some of connecting lines may be designated with ( - ) sign for
negative feedback, and the others with ( + ) sign for positive
feedback. The former dumps the effect of system change and the
latter accelerates it. After these preliminary studies, a mathe-
matical model of the systems dynamics simulation can be construct-
ed.
Therefore, the construction of this "cause-and-effect"
is the
most basic approach for understanding interwoven inter-relation-
ship of various socio-economic-environmental factors. This under-
standing, as expanding it in global scale, is now the vital neces-
sity for world peace keeping.
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, November 4, 1973, "Japan-U.S. Online
Energy
Information via Satellite," In Japanese (Permission to be
ob-
tained later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, November 27, 1978, "Information Retrieval
from
the U.S.," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Asahi Shimbun, March 12, 1979, "Real-time Databank Retrieval
from the U.S.," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun, March 22, 1979, "Networking Industry:
Mountain of Treasures," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained
later.)
**************************************
Computing Europe, February 16, 1978, Reports on a Transnational
Data Regulation Conference (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Norris, William C. "Limiting Japan s Access to Our Research,"
The New York Times, July 24, 1983 (Permission to be obtained
later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, December 15, 1979, "FCC allowed KDD s
ICAS," In
Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Asahi Shimbun, July 16, 1980, "Inauguration of KDD s
ICAS Ser-
vice:
Instantaneous Information Retrieval from the U.S.," In
Japa-
nese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, July 31, 1980, "Opening of International
Data
Telecommunications Services," In Japanese (Permission
to be
obtained later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, September 5, 1980, "Demonstration of
ICAS Ser-
vices," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, September 12, 1980, "Many ICAS Users:
More than
Ten Times than Expected," In Japanese (Permission to be obtained
later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, December 22, 1980,"Prosperous Online Services,"
In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Chunichi Shimbun, October 31, 1981, "Remove Non-Tariff
Barrier,"
In Japanese and English translation (Permission to be obtained
later.)
**************************************
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1982, Letter of Notification, April
6,
1982
**************************************
Berger, Michael, 1987, "Newsmaker: Japan s MPT chief
seeks
less regulation, endorses standards," Data Communication,
Janu-
ary, Page 97 to 98 (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
National Science Foundation, "Diagram of CSNET,"
1981
**************************************
Utsumi, T., 1981, "Extension of CSNET to Japan"
**************************************
Ishida, H., 1991, Private communication
**************************************
Datamation, April 1, 1994, "E-Mail Or E-Female?"
Page 21 (Permis-
sion to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Nikkei Shimbun, August 2, 1989, "Crumbling Down Pyramid,"
In
Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
Tashiro, Ku, 1993, "Story of the Man who Devoted His
Life to
Global Distance Education," Kigyo to Jinzai, November 20,
1993,
In Japanese (Permission to be obtained later.)
**************************************
**********************************************************************
* Takeshi Utsumi, Ph.D.
*
* Laureate of Lord Perry Award for Excellence in Distance Education
*
* Founder of CAADE
*
* (Consortium for Affordable and Accessible Distance Education)
*
* President, Global University in the U.S.A. (GU/USA)
*
* A Divisional Activity of GLOSAS/USA
*
* (GLObal Systems Analysis and Simulation Association in the U.S.A.)
*
* 43-23 Colden Street, Flushing, NY 11355-3998, U.S.A.
*
* Tel: 718-939-0928; Fax: 718-939-0656 (day time only--prefer
email) *
* INTERNET: utsumi@columbia.edu; Tax Exempt ID: 11-2999676
*
* FTP://champlaincollege.qc.ca (IP 198.168.102.231)
*
* http://www.wiu.edu/users/milibo/wiu/resource/glosas/cont.htm
*
* http://www.friends-
*
* partners.org/oldfriends/education/globaluniv/synopsis.html
*
**********************************************************************
Originally posted at the Website: http://library.fortlewis.edu/~instruct/glosas/GN/ by Tina Evans Greenwood, Library Instruction Coordinator, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado 81301, e-mail: greenwood_t@fortlewis.edu, and last updated May 7, 1999. By her permission the whole Website has been archived here at the University of Tennessee server directory of GLOSAS Chair Dr. Takeshi Utsumi from August 9, 2000 by Steve McCarty in Japan.